Release: 2.0.31 | Release Date: June 18, 2024

# SQLAlchemy 2.0 Documentation

# Source code for examples.association.basic_association

    """Illustrate a many-to-many relationship between an
    "Order" and a collection of "Item" objects, associating a purchase price
    with each via an association object called "OrderItem"

    The association object pattern is a form of many-to-many which
    associates additional data with each association between parent/child.

    The example illustrates an "order", referencing a collection
    of "items", with a particular price paid associated with each "item".

    """

    from datetime import datetime

    from sqlalchemy import and_
    from sqlalchemy import Column
    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
    from sqlalchemy import DateTime
    from sqlalchemy import Float
    from sqlalchemy import ForeignKey
    from sqlalchemy import Integer
    from sqlalchemy import String
    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
    from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship
    from sqlalchemy.orm import Session

    Base = declarative_base()

    class Order(Base):
        __tablename__ = "order"

        order_id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
        customer_name = Column(String(30), nullable=False)
        order_date = Column(DateTime, nullable=False, default=datetime.now())
        order_items = relationship(
            "OrderItem", cascade="all, delete-orphan", backref="order"
        )

        def __init__(self, customer_name):
            self.customer_name = customer_name

    class Item(Base):
        __tablename__ = "item"
        item_id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
        description = Column(String(30), nullable=False)
        price = Column(Float, nullable=False)

        def __init__(self, description, price):
            self.description = description
            self.price = price

        def __repr__(self):
            return "Item(%r, %r)" % (self.description, self.price)

    class OrderItem(Base):
        __tablename__ = "orderitem"
        order_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("order.order_id"), primary_key=True)
        item_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("item.item_id"), primary_key=True)
        price = Column(Float, nullable=False)

        def __init__(self, item, price=None):
            self.item = item
            self.price = price or item.price

        item = relationship(Item, lazy="joined")

    if __name__ == "__main__":
        engine = create_engine("sqlite://")
        Base.metadata.create_all(engine)

        session = Session(engine)

        # create catalog
        tshirt, mug, hat, crowbar = (
            Item("SA T-Shirt", 10.99),
            Item("SA Mug", 6.50),
            Item("SA Hat", 8.99),
            Item("MySQL Crowbar", 16.99),
        )
        session.add_all([tshirt, mug, hat, crowbar])
        session.commit()

        # create an order
        order = Order("john smith")

        # add three OrderItem associations to the Order and save
        order.order_items.append(OrderItem(mug))
        order.order_items.append(OrderItem(crowbar, 10.99))
        order.order_items.append(OrderItem(hat))
        session.add(order)
        session.commit()

        # query the order, print items
        order = session.query(Order).filter_by(customer_name="john smith").one()
        print(
            [
                (order_item.item.description, order_item.price)
                for order_item in order.order_items
            ]
        )

        # print customers who bought 'MySQL Crowbar' on sale
        q = session.query(Order).join("order_items", "item")
        q = q.filter(
            and_(Item.description == "MySQL Crowbar", Item.price > OrderItem.price)
        )

        print([order.customer_name for order in q])